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raent and head settlenient of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Tepozcolula in the same kingdom. It is of a mild temperature, and contains a convent of the religious order of St. Domingo, and 128 families of Indians, who occupy themselves in the trade of cochineal, as likewise of certain seeds which they sow in ihe ranchos. Four leagues to the n. by s. of its capital.
Chilapa, San Pedro de, another, of the head settlement of the district of Huitepec, and alcaldia mayor of Ixquintepec, in the same kingdom. It contains 30 families of Indians, and is five leagues to the n. with a slight inclination to the e. of its capital.
CHILAQUE, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Olintla, and alcaldia mayor of Zacatlan, in Nueva España. It is situate in a delightful glen surrounded by rocks, and is watered by various streams, being distant five leagues from its head settlement.
CHILATECA, S. JUAN DE, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Cuilapa, and alcaldia mayor of Quatro Villas, in Nueva Espana. It contains 52 families of Indians, who trade in cochineal, seeds, and fruits, and collect coal and timber, all of which form branches of their commerce. Five leagues to the s.e. of its head settlement.
CHILCA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Canete in Peru, with a small but safe and convenient port. It abounds in saltpetre, which its natives carry to Lima for the purpose of making gunpowder, on which account they are for the most part muleteers or carriers. In its vicinity are the remains of some magnificent buildings which belonged to the Incas of Peru. The name of Chilca is given by the Indians of the same kingdom, as also by those of the kingdom of Quito, to a small tree or shrub which is a native of hot climates, and which, when burnt to ashes, is often used as lye for the use of the sugar engines.
Chi DC A, a beautiful and extensive valley of this province, which, although it be not irrigated by any river, stream, or fountain, by which it might be fertilized, produces an abundant harvest of maize. The seed of this is accustomed to be buried in the ground with heads of pilchards, an abundance of which fish is found upon the coast; and thus, by the moisture arising from this practice, and by the morning dews, the soil becomes suflaciently moistened to produce a very fair crop. The same method is observed, and the same effect produced, with regard to other fruits and herbs ; but for drinking and culinary uses, the little
water that is procured is drawn from wells. Lat. 12° 3P 5. Long. 76° 35' w.
CHILCAIMARCA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Condesuyos de Arequipa in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Andahua.
CHILCAIO, a settlement of the province and government of Lucimas in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Querobamba.
CHILCAS, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Hacas.
Chilcas, another settlement of the province and corregimiento of Huanta in the same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Tambos.
CHILCHAIOTLA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of Zochicoatlan in Nueva España; situate on the side of a hill. It is of a hot temperature, contains 26 families of Indians, and is 11 leagues to the n. of its capital.
CHILCHOIAQUE, a settlement of the head settlement of TIacolula, and alcaldia mayor of Xalapa, in Nueva Espana ; situate in a very extensive glen, surrounded by heights which begin in the neighbourhood of Xilotepec, and run somewhat more than a league in length. The population is very scanty, and the temperature bad ; indeed, out of the many families which formerly inhabited it, 19 only are remaining ; these employ themselves in the rancherias^ agriculture being indispensably necessary to their maintenance, owing to the barrenness of the territory of the district. At the distance of a league to the n. of Xalapa, and on the side of the royal road leading to ^^exico, is the great mill of Lucas Martin. Here the lands are fertilized by the large river Cerdeilo ; by the waters of which also other settlements arc supplied, as likewise some of ihe ranchos^ wherein employment is found for upwards of SO families of Spaniards, some Mustees^ and many Indians. Four leagues to the s. w. of its head settlement.
GHILCHOTA, the alcaldia mayor and jurisdiction of the province and bishopric of Mechoaedn. It is very mean, and reduced to a few small settlements, which lie so nigh together, that their situations are pointed out to tlie traveller by crosses stuck up in the roads. Its population consists of 470 families of Tarascos Indians, and about 300 of Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Mustees\ who are, for the most part, scattered in the agricultural estates of its district, where, from the fertility of the soil, wheat, maize, and other seeds, are cultivated in abundance. The country is agreeable, and well stocked with every kind of fruit trees. The capi
390
tal, the settlement of this name, is 70 leagues to the w. n. w. of Mexico.
Chilchota, another settlement of the head settlement of Huautla, and alcaldia mayor of Cuicatlan ; situate at the top of a pleasant mountain which is covered with fruit trees. It contains 80 families of Indians, who live chiefly by trading in cochineal, saltpetre, cotton, seeds, and fruits. It is eight leagues from its head settlement.
Chilchota, another, with the dedicatory title of San Pedro. It is of the head settlement of Quimixtlan, and alcaldia mayor of S. Juan de los Llanos, in Nueva España. It contains 210 families of Indians.
CHILCUAUTLA y Cardinal, a settlement and real of the mines of the alcaldia mayor of Ixmiquilpan in Nueva España. It contains 215 families of Indians, and in the real are 27 of Spaniards, and 46 of Mustees and Mulattoes. It is of an extremely cold and moist temperature, and its commerce depends upon the working of the lead mines. Some silver mines were formerly worked here, but these yielded so base a metal, and in such small quantities, that they were entirely abandoned for those of lead, which yielded by far the greatest emolument. Five leagues to the e. of its capital.
CHILE, a kingdom in the most s. part of S. America, bounded on the n. by Peru, on the s. by the straits of Magellan and Terra del Fuego, on the e. by the provinces of Tucuman and Buenos Ayres, on the n, e. by Brazil and Paraguay, and on the®, by the S. sea. It extends from n.ios. 472 leagues ; comprehending the Terras Magallanicas from the straits and the plains or deserts of Copiapo, which are its most n. parts. The Inca A upanqui, eleventh Emperor of Peru, carried his conquests as far as the river Mauli or Maulle, in lat, 34° 30' s. Diegro de Almagro was the first Spaniard who discovered this country, in the year 1335, and began its conquest, which was afterwards followed up, in 1541, by the celebrated Pedro de Valdivia, who founded its first cities, and afterwards met with a disgraceful death at the hands of the Indians, having been made prisoner by them in the year 1551, 'These Indians are the most valorous and warlike of all in America ) they have maintained, by a continual warfare, their independence of the Spaniards, from whom they are separated by the river Biobio. This is the limit of the country possessed by them ; and though the Spaniards have penetrated through different entrances into their territories, and there built various towns and fortresses, yet have all these been pulled down and destroyed by those valiant de-
fenders of their liberty and their country. They are most dexterous in the management of the lance, sword, arrow, and w^eapons made of Macana wood ; and although they are equally so in the practice of fire-arms, they use them but seldom, saying, “ they are only fit for cowards.” They are very agile and dexterous horsemen, and their horses are excellent, since those which run wild, and which are of the A ndalucian breed, have not degenerated, or become at all inferior to the best which that country produces. The part which the Spaniards possess in this kingdom extends its whole length, from the aforesaid valley of Copiapo to the river Sinfordo, (unfathomable), beyond the isle of Chiloe, in lat. 44°-, but it is only 45 leagues, at the most, in breadth ; so that the country is, as it were, a slip between the S. sea and the cordillera of the Andes ; from these descend infinite streams and rivers, watering many fertile and beautiful valleys, and forming a country altogether charming and luxurious ; the soil abounds in every necessary for the convenience and enjoyment of life, producing, in regular season, all the most delicate fruits of America and Europe. The summer here begins in September, the estio (or hot summer) in December, the autumn in March, and the winter in June. The climate is similar to that of Spain, and the temperature varies according to the elevation of the land ; since the provinces lying next to ‘Peru, and which are very low, are of a warm temperature, and lack rain, having no other moisture than what they derive from some small rivers descending from the cordillera^ and running, for the space of 20 or SO leagues, into the sea. In the other provinces it rains more frequently, in proportion as they lay more to the s. especially in the winter, from April to September ; for which reason they are more fertile. These provinces are watered by more than 40 rivers, which also descend from the cordillera, being formed by the rains, and the snow melted in the summer, swelling them to a great height. They generally abound in fish of the most delicate flavour, of which are eels, trout, ba~ gres, reyeques, ahogatos, pejereyes, and many others. The sea-coast is of itself capable of maintaining a vast population by the shell-fish found upon it, of twenty different sorts, and all of the most delicious flavour. Other fish also is not wanting ; here are plenty of skate, congers, robalos, sienasy a species of trout, viejas, soles, machuelos, dorados, pejegallos, pulpos, pampanos, corbinas, pejereyes, and tunnies, which come at their seasons on the coast, in the same manner as in the Alraadrabas of Andaluda. For some years past they salt down cod-fish in these parts, which, although of a
CHILE.
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smaller size, are more delicate, and of superior flavour to those caught in Newfoundland. Ambergris is also found upon the coast. The mountains abound in trees of the most beautiful kind, laurels, oaks of four sorts, the carob-tree, the wood of M'hich is extremely hard, reulis, cinnamon-trees, Cyprus, sandal, paraguas, hazel-nut, ivall-nut, volos, and alerces, which are a kind of cedar, of which they make planks in great numbers to carry to Lima and other parts. Many of these trees are green the whole year round, from the moisture and shelter they derive from the cordillera, which contains in its bowels much fire, as appears from the volcanoes found upon it, and which are 12 in number, without counting many others, even as far as the straits of Magellan. Although these mountains and woods are so immense, beasts of a savage kind are rarely to be found, excepting such, now and then, as a tiger or leopard ; but there are great numbers of deer, stags, vicunas, and Imanacos, which served as food for the Indians; as likewise of birds, as ducks, vandurrias, swans, herons, kites, doves, piuguenes, tarlales, parrots, hawks, falcons, goshawks ; and many singing birds, as goldfinches, larks, starlings, diucas, trillies, and many others. Its present vegetable productions are wheat, barley, Indian wheat, grains of different kinds, oil of the finest olives, excellent wines, much esteemed in Peru; all kinds of succulent fruits, oranges, lemons, innumerable sorts of apples, and every kind of garden herb. Flax and liemp is cultivated here, from which they make rigging for vessels trading to the S. seas ; and this could be supplied in a proportion equal to any demand. This kingdom keeps up a considerable trade with Peru ; for, one year with the other, it sends to Lima from 150 to 180,000 bushels of wheat, 120,000 quintals of grease, much wine, and other productions, as almonds, nuts, lentils, a sort of wild marjoram and bastard saffron ; and takes in exchange sugar and cloths of the country. It derives also great emolument from large herds of the cow kind, from flocks of sheep and goats, of the skins of which they procure fine tanned leather, leathern jackets, sharaois leather, and soles of shoes : from these animals is also procured much fat or tallow. Flere are numerous breeds of most beautiful horse.s, and some of these, from excelling all the others in the swiftness of their paces, are called aguiliUias. It also abounds in mules, and it would still more so, if, as formerly, they were in request at Peru, where their skins were used instead of fine cloths and carpets. Baizes arc still made ; as likewise some sorts of small cord, coarse €tutfs, and many kinds of sackcloth, which is the
common vesture, and consists of a square garment, with an opening to admit the head ; but many looms have been lost through a want of Indians in the manufactories. The greater part of these people still prefer their original uncivilized state, depending upon the natural fruits of the earth for for their food ; for, besides the productions above enumerated, they used to gather, without the trouble of cultivation, all sorts of delicious fruits, such as pines, though different from those of Europe; and to make excellent chiclia of the murtilla. Indeed the luxuriance and abundance of delicate flowers, and aromatic and medicinal herbs, is almost incredible ; of the last the following are the most esteemed for their virtue, viz. the canclialagua, quinchemali, alhahaquilla, and culen. It contains many mines of the richest gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, quick-silver, brimstone, loadstone, and coal : yielding immense riches, which the Indians never appreciated, nor even gave themselves the least trouble about, until the conquest of the Incas, who began to work them ; sending portions of gold to Cuzco for the ornament of the temples and palaces, rather by way of gift than of tribute. The incursions and rebellions of the Indians, principally of the Araucanians, who, in the year J599, took and destroyed six cities, viz. Valdivia, Imperial, Angol, Santa Crux, Chilian, and Concepcion, is the cause why the population is in many places not large, and that it consists of poor people, living in small communities ; the fact being, that they are alwaj^s living in constant dread of a surprise from the Indians; not but that on the confines there are garrisons, well defended by Spanish troops, with necessary provisions of artillery, victuals, and ammunition. The war which has from the beginning been sustained by the Spaniards against these most ferocious Indians, has tended greatly to reduce the numbers of the former ; some having been killed on the spot, and others doomed to be slaves to their indignant conquerors. Indeed, when it was found that arms were of no avail against them, some missionaries of the society of the Jesuits were sent among them, in the year 1612, in order to propagate the gospel ; when the Fathers Horacio Vechi and Martin de Aranda suffered martyrdom at their hands: after which a treaty of peace was made by the Governor Marquis de Baides, A. D. 1640, and which has since been renewed yearly ; their deputies coming regularly to the capital to receive the presents from the king of Spain. They have, notwithstanding, at different times broken the treaty, making incursions into the Spanish towns, and their manner 4
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CHILE.
of declaring war is by sending from town to town an arrow clenched in a dead man’s hand, which they call comocatoria; and this they did in the year 1723, making terrible havoc and slaughter. This kingdom is evidently, from what has been asserted, the most fertile, abundant, rich, and delightful region of all America ; to which Nature has granted, in profusion, all that she has given to others, either with a sparing hand, or at too high a price. The people are liealthy and robust. The wind which generally prevails is thes. w. and the Puelche, which comes from the cordillera, is somewhat troublesome. [The Puelche wind takes its name from some Indians so called, and from whose country it blows.] Chile is divided into two bishoprics, suffragan to the archbishopric of Lima ; and these are of Santiago and La Concepcion. It is governed by a president, governor, and captain-general, which title was first possessed by Doii Melchor Bravo de Saravia, and its government is divided into 18 provinces or districts, which are,
Cuyo,
Copiapo,
l-a Serena or Coquimbi Quillota,
Aconcagua,
Santiago,
Melipilla,
Rancagua,
Colchagua,
And the islands of Jua tal is Santiago.
Catalogue of the barbarous Nations and principal Places in the kingdom of Chile.
Nations. Mountains.
Chacao,
Chilian,
Concepcion.
Confines,
Copiapo,
Coquimbo or La Se-
rena,
Imperial,
Loyola,
Mendoza,
Osorno,
Santiago,
San Juan de la Frontera,
San Luis de Loyola, Valdivia,
Valparaiso,
Villarica.
Forts.
Arauco,
Los Angeles,
Eyou,
Guasco,
Y tata,
Labapi,
Laxa,
Lebo,
Ligua,
Liman,
Limathi,
Longatoma,
Mapocho,
Mataquito,
Maule,
Maypo,
Nubbe or Nuble, Pereroa,
Poangue,
Queule,
Ralemo,
Salado,
Teno,
Maule,
Tucapel,
Tongoy,
Ytata,
Yumbel.
Topocalma,
Chilian,
Promontories.
Turuyan,
Estancia del Rey or
Ballena,
Uten.
Rede,
Carnero,
Ports.
Puchacay,
Cauten,
Castro,
La Concepcion,
Changui,
Cauten,
Valdivia,
Feliz,
Cerrito Verde,
Chiloe,
Villiva,
Chacao,
Fernandez. The capi-
Rivers.
Andalie,
Cumberland,
Guasco,
Antallis,
Araucanos,
Cauquis,
Chauracabis,
Guarpes,
JUncos,
Pequenches,
Pevinges,
Pincus,
Poyas,
P niches, Yanacunas.
Lakes.
Aguas Calientes, Guanacache, Mallabauquen, Padaguel,
Puren.
Antojo,
Chilian, vole.
Chuapa, vole.
Estancia de Rey, gold, Larapangui, silver, Ligua, vole.
Llaon, gold, Llupangui, gold, Notuco, vole.
Payen, lead,
Peteroa, vole.
Petorca, gold, Quillacoya, gold, Sinn, vole.
Yapel, gold.
Cities.
Calbuco,
Canetej
Castro,
Arancagua,
Biobio,
Buono,
Cachapoal,
Cauquenes,
Cauren,
Cauten,
Chavin,
Civapa,
Claro,
Copiapo,
Curarahua,
De Lora,
De la Sal,
Paracas,
Quillin,
Talcaguano,
Tome,
Tongoy.
Isles.
Chiloe,
Clones,
Farallones,
Fernandez,
Guaiteca,
Moche,
Quiriquina,
Santa Maria.
Catalogue of the Presidents, Governors, and Captains-general of the Kingdom of Chile.
1. The Adelantado Pedro de Valdivia, conqueror of the kingdom; he served much, and with great valour, in the conquest of Peru, was a colonel of foot under Francis Pizarro, entered in the year 1537, founded the first towns, and governed until the year 1551 ; he was made prisoner, fight-
2
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CHILE.
[ing valiantly in a battle against the Araucanos, and killed.
2. Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, son of the Marquis de Cahete, who was viceroy in Peru ; immediately that he received new's of the death of Valdivia, lie nominated him as his successor, and he returned to Peru as soon as he had seen him confirmed in the government, and his title sanctioned by the king.
3. Francisco de Villagra, a noble captain, who, in pursuing his conquests, was also killed by the Indians in battle ; provisionally succeeded by his uncle, until a governor w'as appointed by the king.
4. The Adelantado Rodrigo de Quiroga, who governed peaceably until his death, leaving the government to the charge of his father-in-law.
5. The Brigadier Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, until he was nominated by tlie king.
G. The Doctor Melchor Bravo de Saravia, with the title of first president, until his death.
7. Don Alonso de Sotomayor, Marquis deVillahermosa, appointed in the year 1584 : having manifested his valour, talent, and address, in the government, which he held with much credit, and with great advantage, against the Indians, until the year 1592, when arrived,
8. Don Martin Garcia Onez y Loyola, knight of the order of Calatrava ; w'as killed by the Indians succouring the fortof Puren, which was besieged in the year 1599.
9. The Licentiate Pedro de Vizcarra, who exercised the employ of lieutenant-general of the kingdom ; he was appointed to it when the former was killed, until the viceroyalty of Peru was given to,
10. The Captain Francisco de Quinones, who employed himself in restraining the Araucanos from their rebellion, until his death ; afterwards was nominated for the viceroyalty of Peru.
11. Captain Alonzo Garcia Remon, an officer of much credit, and skilled in the country and the war with the Indians ; being colonel of foot of Don Alonzo Sotomayor, began to govern, appointed by the viceroy of Lima, until arrived, sanctioned and duly elected by the king,
12. Don Alonso de la Rivera, Avho was serving in Flanders, and was sent to Chile, where, having married contrary to the prohibition of his Majesty, he was deprived of his office, and in his place was appointed,
13. The aforesaid Don Alonso Garcia Remon, whose speedy death did not suffer him long to reign, and he was succeeded by,
14. The Doctor Don Luis Merlo de la Fuente, chief auditor of the royal audience, who, through
VOL, I.
the death of his antecessor, governed also but a short time before the arrival of,
15. Don Juan de Xaraquemada, native of (kanaria, who was in Lima covered with honours acquired in the Avar of Chile, when he was nominated governor by the viceroy of Peru, Marquis de Montes Claros.
16. Don Alonso de la Rivera again, being at that time governor of Tucuman ; he Avas separated from this government, and Avas sent by the king, at the instance of the missionaries, to reduce that kingdom by the experience he possessed, and gave proofs of his great ability in peace and Avar until his death.
17. The Licentiate Fernando Talaverano, most ancient oidor of the audience, Avas charged wath the government through this quality, and by the particular recommendation of his antecessor, until the viceroy of Peru, Prince of Esquilache, regularly appointed,
18. Don Lope de Ulloa, ayIio, in the exercise of this office, Avas confirmed in it by his Majesty until his death, when the government was taken
up by,
19. Don ChristoA'al de la Cerda Sotomayor, native of Mexico, chief auditor of the real audencia, whom, notAvithstanding his excellent qualities, and the celebrity of his government, the viceroy of Peru soon set aside, in favour of,
20. Don Pedro Sorez de Ulloa y Lemos, knight of the order of Alcantara, Avho in a short time Avas confirmed in the government by the king, exercising it until his death, and leaving it to the care of his brother-in-laAV,
21. Don Francisco de Alva y Noruena, Avho held it a short time, from the viceroy Jiaving, according to custom, nominated a successor; and this Avas,
22. Don Luis Fernandez de Cordoba y Arce, Senor del Carpio, Veinte y Quatro de Cordoba, who, although he was not confirmed by the king, maintained it some years, in consideration of the judgment and skill he manifested, until, in the year 1633, he Avas supplanted by,
23. Don Francisco Laso de la Vega, knight of the order of Santiago, a man of high endowments and splendid fortunes in the Avar of the Indians ; he finished his reign, delivering it to his successor,
24. Don Francisco de Zuniga, Marquis de Baydes. Count del Pedroso, entered into the possession of the government in the year 1640 ; it Avas he who established and secured the peace Avith the Indians by means of the missionaries of the society of the Jesuits ; with which glory he