Pages That Mention Peru
The geographical and historical dictionary of America and the West Indies [volume 1]
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tal, the settlement of this name, is 70 leagues to the w. n. w. of Mexico.
Chilchota, another settlement of the head settlement of Huautla, and alcaldia mayor of Cuicatlan ; situate at the top of a pleasant mountain which is covered with fruit trees. It contains 80 families of Indians, who live chiefly by trading in cochineal, saltpetre, cotton, seeds, and fruits. It is eight leagues from its head settlement.
Chilchota, another, with the dedicatory title of San Pedro. It is of the head settlement of Quimixtlan, and alcaldia mayor of S. Juan de los Llanos, in Nueva España. It contains 210 families of Indians.
CHILCUAUTLA y Cardinal, a settlement and real of the mines of the alcaldia mayor of Ixmiquilpan in Nueva España. It contains 215 families of Indians, and in the real are 27 of Spaniards, and 46 of Mustees and Mulattoes. It is of an extremely cold and moist temperature, and its commerce depends upon the working of the lead mines. Some silver mines were formerly worked here, but these yielded so base a metal, and in such small quantities, that they were entirely abandoned for those of lead, which yielded by far the greatest emolument. Five leagues to the e. of its capital.
CHILE, a kingdom in the most s. part of S. America, bounded on the n. by Peru, on the s. by the straits of Magellan and Terra del Fuego, on the e. by the provinces of Tucuman and Buenos Ayres, on the n, e. by Brazil and Paraguay, and on the®, by the S. sea. It extends from n.ios. 472 leagues ; comprehending the Terras Magallanicas from the straits and the plains or deserts of Copiapo, which are its most n. parts. The Inca A upanqui, eleventh Emperor of Peru, carried his conquests as far as the river Mauli or Maulle, in lat, 34° 30' s. Diegro de Almagro was the first Spaniard who discovered this country, in the year 1335, and began its conquest, which was afterwards followed up, in 1541, by the celebrated Pedro de Valdivia, who founded its first cities, and afterwards met with a disgraceful death at the hands of the Indians, having been made prisoner by them in the year 1551, 'These Indians are the most valorous and warlike of all in America ) they have maintained, by a continual warfare, their independence of the Spaniards, from whom they are separated by the river Biobio. This is the limit of the country possessed by them ; and though the Spaniards have penetrated through different entrances into their territories, and there built various towns and fortresses, yet have all these been pulled down and destroyed by those valiant de-
fenders of their liberty and their country. They are most dexterous in the management of the lance, sword, arrow, and w^eapons made of Macana wood ; and although they are equally so in the practice of fire-arms, they use them but seldom, saying, “ they are only fit for cowards.” They are very agile and dexterous horsemen, and their horses are excellent, since those which run wild, and which are of the A ndalucian breed, have not degenerated, or become at all inferior to the best which that country produces. The part which the Spaniards possess in this kingdom extends its whole length, from the aforesaid valley of Copiapo to the river Sinfordo, (unfathomable), beyond the isle of Chiloe, in lat. 44°-, but it is only 45 leagues, at the most, in breadth ; so that the country is, as it were, a slip between the S. sea and the cordillera of the Andes ; from these descend infinite streams and rivers, watering many fertile and beautiful valleys, and forming a country altogether charming and luxurious ; the soil abounds in every necessary for the convenience and enjoyment of life, producing, in regular season, all the most delicate fruits of America and Europe. The summer here begins in September, the estio (or hot summer) in December, the autumn in March, and the winter in June. The climate is similar to that of Spain, and the temperature varies according to the elevation of the land ; since the provinces lying next to ‘Peru, and which are very low, are of a warm temperature, and lack rain, having no other moisture than what they derive from some small rivers descending from the cordillera^ and running, for the space of 20 or SO leagues, into the sea. In the other provinces it rains more frequently, in proportion as they lay more to the s. especially in the winter, from April to September ; for which reason they are more fertile. These provinces are watered by more than 40 rivers, which also descend from the cordillera, being formed by the rains, and the snow melted in the summer, swelling them to a great height. They generally abound in fish of the most delicate flavour, of which are eels, trout, ba~ gres, reyeques, ahogatos, pejereyes, and many others. The sea-coast is of itself capable of maintaining a vast population by the shell-fish found upon it, of twenty different sorts, and all of the most delicious flavour. Other fish also is not wanting ; here are plenty of skate, congers, robalos, sienasy a species of trout, viejas, soles, machuelos, dorados, pejegallos, pulpos, pampanos, corbinas, pejereyes, and tunnies, which come at their seasons on the coast, in the same manner as in the Alraadrabas of Andaluda. For some years past they salt down cod-fish in these parts, which, although of a
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smaller size, are more delicate, and of superior flavour to those caught in Newfoundland. Ambergris is also found upon the coast. The mountains abound in trees of the most beautiful kind, laurels, oaks of four sorts, the carob-tree, the wood of M'hich is extremely hard, reulis, cinnamon-trees, Cyprus, sandal, paraguas, hazel-nut, ivall-nut, volos, and alerces, which are a kind of cedar, of which they make planks in great numbers to carry to Lima and other parts. Many of these trees are green the whole year round, from the moisture and shelter they derive from the cordillera, which contains in its bowels much fire, as appears from the volcanoes found upon it, and which are 12 in number, without counting many others, even as far as the straits of Magellan. Although these mountains and woods are so immense, beasts of a savage kind are rarely to be found, excepting such, now and then, as a tiger or leopard ; but there are great numbers of deer, stags, vicunas, and Imanacos, which served as food for the Indians; as likewise of birds, as ducks, vandurrias, swans, herons, kites, doves, piuguenes, tarlales, parrots, hawks, falcons, goshawks ; and many singing birds, as goldfinches, larks, starlings, diucas, trillies, and many others. Its present vegetable productions are wheat, barley, Indian wheat, grains of different kinds, oil of the finest olives, excellent wines, much esteemed in Peru; all kinds of succulent fruits, oranges, lemons, innumerable sorts of apples, and every kind of garden herb. Flax and liemp is cultivated here, from which they make rigging for vessels trading to the S. seas ; and this could be supplied in a proportion equal to any demand. This kingdom keeps up a considerable trade with Peru ; for, one year with the other, it sends to Lima from 150 to 180,000 bushels of wheat, 120,000 quintals of grease, much wine, and other productions, as almonds, nuts, lentils, a sort of wild marjoram and bastard saffron ; and takes in exchange sugar and cloths of the country. It derives also great emolument from large herds of the cow kind, from flocks of sheep and goats, of the skins of which they procure fine tanned leather, leathern jackets, sharaois leather, and soles of shoes : from these animals is also procured much fat or tallow. Flere are numerous breeds of most beautiful horse.s, and some of these, from excelling all the others in the swiftness of their paces, are called aguiliUias. It also abounds in mules, and it would still more so, if, as formerly, they were in request at Peru, where their skins were used instead of fine cloths and carpets. Baizes arc still made ; as likewise some sorts of small cord, coarse €tutfs, and many kinds of sackcloth, which is the
common vesture, and consists of a square garment, with an opening to admit the head ; but many looms have been lost through a want of Indians in the manufactories. The greater part of these people still prefer their original uncivilized state, depending upon the natural fruits of the earth for for their food ; for, besides the productions above enumerated, they used to gather, without the trouble of cultivation, all sorts of delicious fruits, such as pines, though different from those of Europe; and to make excellent chiclia of the murtilla. Indeed the luxuriance and abundance of delicate flowers, and aromatic and medicinal herbs, is almost incredible ; of the last the following are the most esteemed for their virtue, viz. the canclialagua, quinchemali, alhahaquilla, and culen. It contains many mines of the richest gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, quick-silver, brimstone, loadstone, and coal : yielding immense riches, which the Indians never appreciated, nor even gave themselves the least trouble about, until the conquest of the Incas, who began to work them ; sending portions of gold to Cuzco for the ornament of the temples and palaces, rather by way of gift than of tribute. The incursions and rebellions of the Indians, principally of the Araucanians, who, in the year J599, took and destroyed six cities, viz. Valdivia, Imperial, Angol, Santa Crux, Chilian, and Concepcion, is the cause why the population is in many places not large, and that it consists of poor people, living in small communities ; the fact being, that they are alwaj^s living in constant dread of a surprise from the Indians; not but that on the confines there are garrisons, well defended by Spanish troops, with necessary provisions of artillery, victuals, and ammunition. The war which has from the beginning been sustained by the Spaniards against these most ferocious Indians, has tended greatly to reduce the numbers of the former ; some having been killed on the spot, and others doomed to be slaves to their indignant conquerors. Indeed, when it was found that arms were of no avail against them, some missionaries of the society of the Jesuits were sent among them, in the year 1612, in order to propagate the gospel ; when the Fathers Horacio Vechi and Martin de Aranda suffered martyrdom at their hands: after which a treaty of peace was made by the Governor Marquis de Baides, A. D. 1640, and which has since been renewed yearly ; their deputies coming regularly to the capital to receive the presents from the king of Spain. They have, notwithstanding, at different times broken the treaty, making incursions into the Spanish towns, and their manner 4
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[ing valiantly in a battle against the Araucanos, and killed.
2. Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, son of the Marquis de Cahete, who was viceroy in Peru ; immediately that he received new's of the death of Valdivia, lie nominated him as his successor, and he returned to Peru as soon as he had seen him confirmed in the government, and his title sanctioned by the king.
3. Francisco de Villagra, a noble captain, who, in pursuing his conquests, was also killed by the Indians in battle ; provisionally succeeded by his uncle, until a governor w'as appointed by the king.
4. The Adelantado Rodrigo de Quiroga, who governed peaceably until his death, leaving the government to the charge of his father-in-law.
5. The Brigadier Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, until he was nominated by tlie king.
G. The Doctor Melchor Bravo de Saravia, with the title of first president, until his death.
7. Don Alonso de Sotomayor, Marquis deVillahermosa, appointed in the year 1584 : having manifested his valour, talent, and address, in the government, which he held with much credit, and with great advantage, against the Indians, until the year 1592, when arrived,
8. Don Martin Garcia Onez y Loyola, knight of the order of Calatrava ; w'as killed by the Indians succouring the fortof Puren, which was besieged in the year 1599.
9. The Licentiate Pedro de Vizcarra, who exercised the employ of lieutenant-general of the kingdom ; he was appointed to it when the former was killed, until the viceroyalty of Peru was given to,
10. The Captain Francisco de Quinones, who employed himself in restraining the Araucanos from their rebellion, until his death ; afterwards was nominated for the viceroyalty of Peru.
11. Captain Alonzo Garcia Remon, an officer of much credit, and skilled in the country and the war with the Indians ; being colonel of foot of Don Alonzo Sotomayor, began to govern, appointed by the viceroy of Lima, until arrived, sanctioned and duly elected by the king,
12. Don Alonso de la Rivera, Avho was serving in Flanders, and was sent to Chile, where, having married contrary to the prohibition of his Majesty, he was deprived of his office, and in his place was appointed,
13. The aforesaid Don Alonso Garcia Remon, whose speedy death did not suffer him long to reign, and he was succeeded by,
14. The Doctor Don Luis Merlo de la Fuente, chief auditor of the royal audience, who, through
VOL, I.
the death of his antecessor, governed also but a short time before the arrival of,
15. Don Juan de Xaraquemada, native of (kanaria, who was in Lima covered with honours acquired in the Avar of Chile, when he was nominated governor by the viceroy of Peru, Marquis de Montes Claros.
16. Don Alonso de la Rivera again, being at that time governor of Tucuman ; he Avas separated from this government, and Avas sent by the king, at the instance of the missionaries, to reduce that kingdom by the experience he possessed, and gave proofs of his great ability in peace and Avar until his death.
17. The Licentiate Fernando Talaverano, most ancient oidor of the audience, Avas charged wath the government through this quality, and by the particular recommendation of his antecessor, until the viceroy of Peru, Prince of Esquilache, regularly appointed,
18. Don Lope de Ulloa, ayIio, in the exercise of this office, Avas confirmed in it by his Majesty until his death, when the government was taken
up by,
19. Don ChristoA'al de la Cerda Sotomayor, native of Mexico, chief auditor of the real audencia, whom, notAvithstanding his excellent qualities, and the celebrity of his government, the viceroy of Peru soon set aside, in favour of,
20. Don Pedro Sorez de Ulloa y Lemos, knight of the order of Alcantara, Avho in a short time Avas confirmed in the government by the king, exercising it until his death, and leaving it to the care of his brother-in-laAV,
21. Don Francisco de Alva y Noruena, Avho held it a short time, from the viceroy Jiaving, according to custom, nominated a successor; and this Avas,
22. Don Luis Fernandez de Cordoba y Arce, Senor del Carpio, Veinte y Quatro de Cordoba, who, although he was not confirmed by the king, maintained it some years, in consideration of the judgment and skill he manifested, until, in the year 1633, he Avas supplanted by,
23. Don Francisco Laso de la Vega, knight of the order of Santiago, a man of high endowments and splendid fortunes in the Avar of the Indians ; he finished his reign, delivering it to his successor,
24. Don Francisco de Zuniga, Marquis de Baydes. Count del Pedroso, entered into the possession of the government in the year 1640 ; it Avas he who established and secured the peace Avith the Indians by means of the missionaries of the society of the Jesuits ; with which glory he
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at the most, of 360 houses : for having been destroyed by tlie Araucanians, in 1599, it as never sine e been able to reach its former degree of splendour. Jt lies between the river Nuble to the n. and the Itala to the s. in lat. 35° 56' s.
another, a mountain or volcano of the same province and corregimiento (Chillan), at a little distance from the former city. On its skirts are the Indian nations of the Puclches, Pehuenches, and Chiquillanes, who have an outlet by the navigation ot the river Demante.
another, a small river of the same province (Chillan).
CHILLAOS, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of this name in Peru. It is of a hot temperature, and produces some tobacco and almonds.
CHILLOA, a llanura of the kingdom of Quito, near this capital, between two chains of mountains, one very lofty towards the e. and the other lower towards the s. It is watered by two principal rivers, the Pita and the Amaguana, which at the end of the llanura unite themselves at the foot of the mountain called Guangapolo, in the territory of the settlement of Alangasi, and at the spot called Las Juntas. In this plain lie the settlements of Amaguana, Sangolqui, Alangasi, and Conocoto, all of which are curacies of the jurisdiction of Quito. It is of a mild and pleasant temperature, although sometimes rather cold, from its proximity to the mountains or paramos of Pintac, Antisana, Rurainavi, and Sincholagua. Here was formerly celebrated the cavalgata, by the collegians of the head- college and seminary of San Luis dc Quito, during the vacations. The soil produces abundance of wheat and maize. It is much resorted to by the gentlemen of Quito as a place of recreation, it is eight or nine leagues in length, and six in width.
CHILLOGALLO, a settlement of the kingdomof Quito, in the district of Las Cinco Leguas de su Capital.
[CHILMARK, a township on Martha’s Vineyard island, Duke’s county, Massachusetts, containing 771 inhabitants. It lies 99 miles s. by e. of Boston. See Maktha’s Vineyard.]
CHILOE, a large island of the Archipelago or Ancud of the kingdom of Chile, being one of the 18 provinces or corregimientos which compose it. It is 58 leagues in length, and nine in width at the broadest part ; and varies until it reaches only two leagues across, which is its narrowest part. It is of a cold temperature, being very subject to heavy rains and fresh winds ; notwithstanding '
which its climate is healthy. Around it are four other islands ; and the number of settlements in these are 25, which are,
Achau,
Quehuy,
Lin-lin,
Chelin,
Llinua,
Limuy,
Qnenac,
Tanqui,
Meulin,
Chiduapi,
Cahuac,
Abtau,
Alau,
Tabor,
Apiau,
Quenu,
Chanlinec,
Llaycha,
Anihue,
Huar,
Chegniau,
Calbuco,
VAita-Chauquis,
Caucahue,
Isla Grande.
All of these are mountainous, little cultivatad, and produce only a small proportion of wheat, barley, flax, and papas ^ esteemed the best of any in America ; besides some swine, of which hams are made, which they cure by frost, and are of so delicate a flavour as not only to be highly esteemed here, but in all other parts, both in and out of the kingdom, and are in fact a very large branch of commerce. The principal trade, however, consists in planks of several exquisite woods, the trees of which are so thick, that from each of them ars cut in general 600 planks, of 20 feet in length, and of 1| foot in width. Some of these trees have measured 24 yards in circumference. The natives make various kinds of woollen garments, such as ponchos f quilts, coverlids, baizes, and bor~ dillos. The whole of this province is for the most part poor ; its natives live very frugally, and with little communication with any other part of the world, save with those who are accustomed to come hither in the fleet once a-year. Altliough it has some small settlements on the continent, in Valdivia, yet these are more than 20 or 30 leagues distant from this place, and are inhabited by infidel Indians. These islands abound in delicate shellfish of various kinds, and in a variety of other fish ; in the taking of which the inhabitants are much occupied, and on which they chiefly subsist. This jurisdiction is bounded on the n. by the territory of the ancient city of Osorno, which was destroyed by the Araucanian Indians, by the extensive Archipelagoes of Huayaneco and Huaytecas, and others which reach as far as the straits of Magellan and the Terra del Fuego, e. by the cordilleras and the Patagonian country, and w. by the Pacific or S. sea. On its mountains are found amber, and something resembling gold dust, which is washed up by the rains, although no
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mines have as yet been discovered here. These islands have some ports, but such as are small, insecure, and without any defence, with the exception of that of Chacao. The inhabitants should amount to 22,000 souls, and these are divided into 4 1 settlements or parishes, being formed by the reducciones of the missionaries of St. Francis, and consisting at the present day, for the most part, of Spaniards and Creoles. The capital is the city of Santiago de Castro, in the large island of Chiloe. [For further account, see index to additional history of Chile, chap. lY. § 35.]
CHILON, a settlement of the province and government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Peru ; situate in a valley which is beautiful and fertile, and which abounds in wheat. Twenty-eight leagues from the settlement of Samaypata.
CHILOSTUTA, a settlement of the province and alcaldia mayor of Zedales in the kingdom of Guatemala.
CHILPANSINGO, a settlement of the intendancy of Mexico, surrounded with fertile fields of wheat. Elevation 1080 metres, or 3542 feet.
CHILQUES Y MASQUES, a province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded by the province of Quispicanchi; s.e. by that of Churabivilcas ; s. and s. w. by that of Cotabambas ; w. by that of Abancay; and n. t®. by Cuzco. Its temperature is various, the proportion of heat and cold being regulated by its different degrees of elevation ; so that in the quebradas or deep glens, it is warm, and in the sierras or mountains, cold. It is 13 leagues in length, and 25 in width ; is watered by three rivers, which are the Cusibamba, passing through the valley of this name, the Velille, and the Santo Tomas ; over these rivers are extended seven bridges, which form a communication with the other provinces. It has likewise eight small lakes, and in some of these are found water-fowl. The hot parts abound in all kinds of fruits ; in wheat, maize, pulse, potatoes, and are well stocked with some sorts of cattle, and great herds of deer. Its natives fabricate the manufactures of the country ; such as cloths, baizes, and coarse frieze, by means of chorillos, or running streams, as they have no mills for fulling, since a royal licence is necessary for the making use of the same. Although the appearance of mines has in many places been discovered amongst the mountains, yet no mines have as yet been worked, and two only have been known to have been opened in former times. This province has suffered much from earthquakes ; and the greatest of these happened in 1707, when many settlements were made desolate. It is composed of 27 settlements, and these contain 16,000 inhabitants. The capital is Paruro ; and the repariimiento of the corregimiento used to amount to 84,550 dollars, and the alcamla The other settlements are.
to 676 dollars per ann. Colcha,
Araipalpa,
San Lorenzo, Parapacucho,
Ceapa,
Cuchirihuay,
Tucuyachi,
Coron,
Pacopata,
Aicha-Urinzaba,
Pilpinto,
Huayaconga,
Accha-Amansaia,
Parco,
Pocoray,
Hanoquite,
Corea,
Paucartarnbo,
Amacha,
Antapalpa,
Quilli,
Acca,
Vilque,
Capi,
Cavabamba,
Huancahuanca,
Yaurisque.
Same name, another settlement of the province and corregimiento of Lucanas in the same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Pucquin.
CHILTAL, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Atacames or Esmeraldas in the kingdom of Quito ; situate in the valley of Chota, on the shore of the river Mira.
CHILTEPEC, a settlement of the head settlement of Tepalcatepcec in Nueva Espana. Its temperature is the mildest of any part of its jurisdiction. It is situate in the middle of a plain, extending over the top of a hill, on two sides of which are large chasms, so immensely deep, that it is really astonishing to observe how the Indians contrive to cultivate the impoleras on their edges. It contains 67 families of Indians, and is five leagues to thes. of its head settlement.
Same name, a river of the province and alcaldiamayor of Tabasco, which runs into the sea.
CHILUA, San Marcos de, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Huanta in Peru ; annexed to the Curacy of Huamanguilla.
CHIMA, a mountain of the kingdom of Quito, in the government and corregimiento of Chirnbo or Guaranda, to tire zo. of the settlement of Asancoto. It is entirely covered with woods and with streams, which flow down from the heights into the plains of Babahoyo. The river named De la Chima runs from e. tow. until it joins the Caracol. A way has been opened through this mountain which leads to Guaranda or Guayaquil ; but it is passable in the summer only. There is also another pass equally difficult and dangerous, called Angas. The cold is great at the top of the mountain, and at the skirts the heat is excessive, it i.s in lat. 44' s.
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